TOEFL EXAMINATION

 PART ONE :
    Edward Taylor (Sir Edward Burnett Taylor) was a pioneer of cultural anthropology in Britain. Taylor gave one of the first anthropological definitions of culture in his book Primitive Culture (1871). Here an actor recites Taylor's definition of culture.
   Anthropologists have described a number of different categories of culture. For example , a simple distinction can be made between cultural objects, such as types of clothing, and cultural beliefs, such as forms of Religion. Many early anthropological definitions of culture are essentially descriptions of categories of culture or cultural items. Culture includes socially acquaired knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, customs, and habits.
   British anthopologist Edward B.Taylor gave one of the first complete definitions of culture in his book, Primitive Culture (1871) . His definition stated that culture includes socially acquired knowledge,beliefs ,art, law, morals, customs, and habits.In 1930 American anthropologist George P.Murdock went much further, listing 637 major subdivisions of culture.Murdock developed an elaborate coding system, known as the Human Relation Area Files. He used this system to identify and sort hundreds of distinctive curtural variations that could be used to compare different cultures.
  Later anthopologist came up with simpler categorizations of culture. A common practice is to divide all of culture into three broad categories : material, social, and, ideological. A fourth category, the arts has characteristics of both material and ideological culture.
  Material culture includes products of human manufacture, such as technology. Social culture pertains to people's forms of social organization ~how people interact and organize themselves in groups. Ideological culture relates to what peopl think, value, believe, and hold as ideals. The arts include such activities and areas of interest as music, sculpture, painting, pottery, theater, cooking, writng, and fashion. Anthropologist often study how these categories of culture differ across different types of societies that vary in scale (size and complexity).